Five freedoms for humans. These have subsequently been recognised internationally.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. 1) The fundamental human rights and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter shall be respected and upheld by the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary and all other organs of government and its agencies and, were applicable t them, by all natural and legal persons in Ghana, and shall be enforceable by the Courts as provided for in this Constitution. UN Watch is a non-governmental organization based in Switzerland. Freedom from Hunger and Thirst. Many normal behaviours—such as digging, barking, sniffing, rolling, scavenging, etc—are seen as “bad behaviour” to many dog owners. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease: By prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. In this case, freedom from hunger, discomfort, pain and distress. The Five Domains Model for assessing animal welfare is a science-based approach that recognizes animals can experience feelings, ranging from negative to positive, and provides a framework to assess welfare across all species. What Are The Five Freedoms? This short video explains the history behind this internationally renowned animal welfare framework. In part it states that a belief in the “equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. Freedom of the press. Most cats love to play, but they need an even gentler approach than dogs. Aug 1, 2023 · Maybe you are more comfortable utilizing a fenced yard or even a long line—all of these options can provide the freedom of movement your dog craves. Thirdly, it refers to only a small proportion of the mental experiences animals can have. However, despite clear initial statements that the words ‘freedom from’ should indicate ‘as free as possible from’, the Freedoms have come to be represented as absolute or fundamental freedoms, even rights, by some animal advocate and other groups. While the Five Freedoms for Animals are a basic checklist of fundamental needs of animals. Mar 18, 2022 · The Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare are a globally recognized standard for the welfare of animals under human control. Freedoms six to ten focus on freedoms to be dogs. Freedom form from thirst, hunger and malnutrition. Freedom from distress. Freedom from discomfort – by providing a suitable environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. Due to humans’ selective breeding of animals for thousands of years, these animals have not retained all of their natural instincts and behaviours that allowed their ancestors to survive in the wild. Water and sanitation. 5. To understand the importance of the Five Freedoms and why there were developed, let’s turn back to 1964 when Ruth Harrison, a British woman, wrote “Animal Machines. Freedom from discomfort. These standards were designed to ensure that we, as humans, meet the mental and physical needs of animals in our care. Constitution protects the freedom of speech, religion and the press. The Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare, which were written by Irish medical scientist Francis Brambell in 1965 and codified by the UK's Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1979, represent the bare minimum of living standards that animals in captivity should have: Freedom from thirst and hunger Jan 26, 2023 · Even John Webster, one of the originators of the Five Freedoms, came later to believe that the key Freedom should have been “Freedom to choose” . 2. ” The book described intensive livestock and Mar 28, 2017 · Captive and wild animals are severely constrained by humans in many ways. Freedom from discomfort, by providing an appropriate environment. Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease. Almost all domesticated animals depend on humans to provide these things for them. They were developed in response to a 1965 UK Government report on livestock husbandry, and were formalised in 1979 press statement by the UK Farm Animal Welfare The following overview of rights and freedoms draws on material prepared by the Attorney-General’s Department in consultation with the Australian Human Rights Commission. Animals in the care of humans should have: Jan 9, 2015 · These Five Freedoms are: 1. Freedom of speech. They are Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an enduring commitment to prevent the repetition of history's bleakest moments. These sacred freedoms are not absolute. Freedom of assembly. by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. The five freedoms are usually expressed as follows; 1. The education for and the belief in basic Freedoms is what strengthens the human animal bond and supports the humane ethic for all central Indiana animals! The Five Freedoms is an animal welfare standard developed by the U. First, the focus on “freedom” from a range of negative experiences and states has been misunderstood in a number of quarters to mean that complete freedom from these experiences and states is possible, when in fact the best that can be Oct 2, 2022 · 1. The first four domains focus 8 UN Watch. Although the Five Freedoms were originally developed for farmers and animal husbandry, they can also be applied to animal research—implying that researchers have a duty to respect the Five Freedoms. (4) The legislation must disclose with sufficient certainty the extent of interference with the freedom which is authorised and the reasons for it. Freedom from pain, injury or disease, by Nov 21, 2018 · The Five Freedoms are: Freedom from hunger and thirst, by ready access to water and a diet to maintain health and vigour. Freedom from Hunger and Thirst – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. The Five Domains and Five Freedoms contain essentially the same five elements, however, the Five Domains have greater focus on the mental state of an animal (how the animal ‘feels’) and Dec 8, 2012 · The Brambell Report of 1965 recommended that animals should have the freedom to stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs. Jan 9, 2014 · Freedom from pain, injury or disease; 4. Jul 28, 2023 · As stated before, all of us, from staff to patrons and donors, expect this level of care for the animals in our shelter. At the very least, any animal raised by humans should be protected from unnecessary suffering. Of course, animals do not always choose what is good for their health, so as with humans, what animals value in the short term has to be balanced against what is best for long-term health ( 6 ). Obscenity, defamation, bribery, perjury, true threats, child pornography, anti-trust conspiracies, false advertising and solicitation to commit Feb 2, 2018 · The ‘Five Freedoms’ have also been applied in a hierarchical nature that may stem from our own umwelt structure and exposes species bias in humans’ value system. The five domains are: Nutrition. Freedom To exPress These Five Freedoms are globally recognized as the gold standard in animal welfare, encompassing both the mental and physical well-being of animals; they include: freedom from hunger and thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury, and disease; freedom to express normal and natural behavior (e. The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by U. By ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour. . Freedom From Pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. Freedom from pain, injury and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and Oct 30, 2020 · The First Amendment guarantees five basic freedoms: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 3. Five Freedoms Following the Brambell Report, the UK Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) proposed minimum requirements, known as the Five Freedoms, which should be followed to ensure the welfare of animals in livestock systems. Freedoms are often enshrined in the charters and constitutions of nations as foundations of law. They form the basis of The First Amendment protects some of our most cherished rights, including religious liberty, free speech, a free press, the right to assemble, and the right to petition our government for a redress of grievances. Mar 15, 2019 · Freedoms one to five focus on freedoms from uncomfortable or aversive experiences. S. Dec 10, 2020 · The Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare. The evolutionary process at work is one of collectively meeting climatic demands of cold Jan 16, 2022 · All five points begin with the word “Freedom” and isn’t the right to freedom at the heart of all rights’ movements? But if we look a bit closer, four of the Five Freedoms say a non-human animal in human care should have freedom from something. K. The right to clean air, clean soil, and clean water are all as important as the other rights included 12. Together, these five guaranteed freedoms make the people of the United States of America the freest in the world. Which presents the Five Freedoms brilliantly for all ages. In this lesson, our Humane Education Coordinator will There is a set of animal welfare standards known as the 'five freedoms'. are: & freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition; & freedom from discomfort and exposure; & freedom from pain, injury and disease; & freedom Jul 23, 2021 · The First Amendment is perhaps the most important in guaranteeing constitutional rights for the people of the United States because it enumerates five basic freedoms. But normal behaviour extends beyond the freedom to move. How to Help Community Cats. Women's rights. Freedom From Hunger and THirsT by ready access to fresh water and diet to maintain health and vigor. Dec 30, 2018 · 30 Basic Human Rights List So what are the 30 basic human rights list? Here are full list of 30 human rights according to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by United Nations, signed in Paris on 10 December 1948. Self defense. This paper examines why fundamental freedoms are so unevenly distributed across the earth. A key part of the UDAW is the 'Five Freedoms', which Little Steps Matter are proud to share and support. Abstract. The Five Freedoms is a framework that was established in 1979 by the UK Farm Animal Welfare Council in response to an analysis of animal husbandry practices in farming. Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Palais des Nations. Mar 5, 2024 · According to the United Kingdom’s Animal Welfare Committee (formerly the Farm Animal Welfare Council), the Five Freedoms are: "Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour. org) or write to: Methodology, Education and Training Unit. Freedom from pain, injury and disease. Speech. This freedom is absolute, carrying a universal and unconditional ban. None of these organisations refer to the Five Freedoms as rights. The Five Domains model is based on the affective state (or feelings)-based conception of animal The Five Provisions aligned with the Freedoms (Table1) have rarely been named as such, as the Five Freedoms has been the dominant term in use. Animals need more freedom with a capital "F": Taller and larger cages and other welfare modifications don't do enough Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals. In 2019, Wild Welfare contributed to a published study on the welfare implications for captive Jun 5, 2011 · Animal Welfare: The five freedoms. Farm Animal Welfare Council and adapted by the Association of Shelter Veterinarians for pets in shelters. Part of Ireland's TNR Manual. Join Joe Regenstein as he examines the ethical issues involved with the production of food and fiber in modern agriculture. By providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a Aug 24, 2020 · The freedom to ask. The Five Domains Model of animal welfare was developed in New Zealand and goes beyond the Five Freedoms. 1. They are not just things we want to do for our animals, but also things we must do to be good owners. Com. The second issue lies in (generally) favouring animal welfare over the zoos’ function for species conservation via reintroduction. Freedom From discomForT by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. The Five Freedoms are a scientifically underpinned framework developed to promote the humane treatment of animals under human control. g. Human rights are moral principles or norms [1] for standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as substantive rights in substantive law, municipal and international law. The Five Freedoms outline five aspects of animal welfare under human control. Civil and Political Rights. The 5 freedoms are: Freedom from hunger and thirst (food and water) Aug 1, 2014 · The 1965 Brambell Report is perhaps the most widely recognized of these attempts, identifying five freedoms that animals should have to ensure their welfare: (1) freedom from hunger and thirst, (2 The Five Freedoms provides insight into the proper treatment of all animals, regardless of the species, and is one of several methods used to assess welfare. Oct 14, 2020 · Throughout its 25-year history, the Five Domains Model for animal welfare assessment has been regularly updated to include at each stage the latest authenticated developments in animal welfare science thinking. t. Dudjom Rinpoche states: The precious human body is the indispensable support for accomplishing enlightenment, and it has to have the following perfect features: the essence of the support, namely freedom, which is the opposite of the eight states of lack of opportunity; and The Five Freedoms have had major impact on animal welfare thinking internationally. Freedom From Hunger and Thirst. Moreover, a marked increase in scientific understanding 5. We have the freedom to choose and to ask. e. They include freedom from hunger and thirst, discomfort, pain, injury or disease, the ability to express normal behavior and freedom from fear and distress. The Provisions, which it might be argued have been more influential than the Freedoms, were aimed at practical measures for securing the Freedoms understood within the limits of the caveats noted above. Download this Shareworthy to show your community that your shelter is committed to providing your animals with the five freedoms. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union address ), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Freedom of speech and expression. We utilise scientific evidence in regards to how best to address these areas in a FIVE FREEDOMS 1. An alternative to the Five Freedoms is therefore needed. 01, followed by New Zealand and Denmark; the global average score was 7. Houghton-Mifflin Harcourt, New York, NY, 2009 ISBN 978-0-15101489-7. Jan 27, 2021 · January 27, 2021. Like all animals, dogs need the following: Mar 14, 2016 · The Five Provisions aligned with the Freedoms (Table 1) have rarely been named as such, as the Five Freedoms has been the dominant term in use. We can’t be waiting for opportunities and for people to knock on our door, nor can we make do with what just happens to us. Freedom from fear and distress. The First Amendment to the U. ” 1949 In Terminiello v. We consider that good animal welfare means both fitness and a sense of well-being. Jul 8, 2019 · As humans, we vehemently try to implement our rights and freedom. To be lawful, a limitation must be imposed by legislation or a comparable measure, for example, delegated legislation. Jun 17, 2021 · The Five Freedoms. This approach allows for consideration of both negative and positive experiences that arise from physical and functional factors, which affect the overall mental state The BC SPCA believes that all animals should enjoy, as a minimum, five essential freedoms, which were first described by the Farm Animal Welfare Council of the UK: Freedom from hunger and thirst. Rights of Indigenous people. Freedom to Express Normal Behaviour: By providing for species specific requirements with respect to space, enrichment and social needs. All human beings are free and equal All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The Five Freedoms ensure that we meet the mental and physical needs of animals in our care and provide us with important knowledge to find the best possible homes. Browse additional Shareworthy pieces The marriage between human rights and environmentalism is becoming stronger due to climate change and the effects it has on people. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941. Contact the UDHR Team. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and this section of OHCHR's website, please contact: ( OHCHR-hredatabase@un. " [111] The Human Freedom Index measures personal and economic freedom in 165 countries, representing 98. in our care, the Five Animal Domains, on the other hand, refer to the implications of our. Oct 24, 2023 · 26 Examples of Freedoms. Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. However their use is not controlled and welfare groups are able to use and adapt them as they see fit. Chicago, the U. Brambell’s Five Freedoms developed from this basic recommendation. The Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) developed these into the Five Freedoms, which are a framework for the analysis of animal welfare. The UDHR marked an important shift by daring to say that all human beings are free and equal, regardless of colour, creed or religion. Freedom from fear and distress: By ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering. Often, people with low self esteem are used to acting only when someone gives them 4. 1211 Geneva 10. Freedom to express normal behaviour; 5. The essence of this development is that our care should facilitate that. President Franklin D. The Five Freedoms are well known in farming, policy making and academic circles. Sexuality. v. Supreme Court limits the scope of the “fighting words Jan 16, 2022 · But if we look a bit closer, four of the Five Freedoms say a non-human animal in human care should have freedom from something. This video is part 6 of 9 in the Animal Welfare series. Sep 2, 2023 · Freedom from Slavery: Freedom from slavery prohibits all forms of human trafficking, forced labour, and child labour, treating them as grave human rights violations. In November 2018, the UN Human Rights Office launched a special series to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the UDHR, which was adopted in Paris on 10 December 1948. Freedom from discomfort, by Jan 20, 2022 · Footnote 23 Accordingly, animals can hold rights commensurate with their welfare interests covered by the Five Freedoms. The welfare of an animal includes its physical and mental state, and good animal welfare implies both fitness and a sense of well-being. Freedom to petition the government. The five freedoms are essential to an animal’s well-being. Sep 23, 2019 · At Fusion Spaces we believe that there are ‘five freedoms’ which all humans need in their workplace in order to thrive. Suitability: Ages 15-20This v Jul 21, 2016 · The Five Freedoms are sometimes perceived as too narrow, 10 and some researchers propose considering animal welfare in terms of whether the associated life is worth living (Mellor 2016a;Espinosa Dec 4, 2017 · Zimmytws/Getty Images. Together, these essential rights are connected to the freedom of conscience—protecting our ability to think as we will and speak as Any animal kept by people must at least be protected from unnecessary suffering and all animals must be given five essential freedoms: 1) Freedom from Hunger and Thirst. 4. Before agreeing to accept the Constitution, the Founders of our democratic republic demanded that these freedoms be protected by an amendment to the original document – the First Amendment. There is little to choose between the two, so pick whatever you are most comfortable with. Dec 10, 2015 · Marking this year’s Human Rights Day amid extraordinary global challenges, the United Nations is calling on the world to recognize and guarantee fundamental freedoms – long recognized “as the birthright of all people” – freedom from fear, freedom from want, freedom of speech and freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson. They outline what animal owners and carers must give their animals. Nov 9, 2009 · Freedom from pain, injury and disease. (In United Kingdom, book title is "Making Animals Happy" and ISBN is: 978-0-7475-9714-8) Links for ordering: Amazon. Some caveats to that statement include the following: An animal’s welfare is never perfect, just like in humans. Freedom from Fear and Distress: By ensuring species specific conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering. 2) Freedom from Discomfort. Please note: it is produced in India so they refer to Health care. The organization’s vision is a just and strong UN. It was established to promote the protection of universal human rights as set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and monitor the UN in accordance with its founding Charter. Freedom from pain, injury and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and stretch its limbs”. May 24, 2016 · This opinion paper considers the relative validity and utility of three concepts: the Five Freedoms (FF), Five Domains (FD) and Quality of Life (QoL) as tools for the analysis of animal welfare. FD seeks to assess the impact of the physical and social environment on the mental (affective Apr 14, 2020 · The Five Freedoms are internationally accepted standards of care developed in 1965 by Britain’s Farm Animal Welfare Council. The Five Freedoms describe the basic requirements for an animal What are the 5 freedoms of the First Amendment? The five freedoms it protects: speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. An animal's welfare should be considered in terms See full list on thehumaneleague. 12. From fear and distress. Animal welfare is a controversial topic in modern agriculture. The aims of FF and FD are different but complementary. Different freedoms of different individuals often conflict and Sep 23, 2016 · Although the Five Freedoms paradigm has been very influential in shaping animal welfare thinking for the last two decades, it has two key disadvantages. We live in the world, we need the land, so it makes sense that what happens to the environment impacts humanity. The starting point for Five Freedoms was a 1965 British The five freedoms as currently expressed are: Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour; Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area; Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and Sep 6, 2019 · One way to ensure animals are in a positive state of welfare is to use the Five Freedoms as benchmark for meeting animals’ needs. 5 Freedoms for happy and healthy dog and cats | The 5 Freedoms have been the basis of animal welfare since the 1960s. by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. The domains of the most up-to-date Model described here are: 1 Nutrition, 2 Physical Environment, 3 Health, 4 Behavioural Interactions and 5 Mental State. 1% of the global population, using 82 indicators across 12 categories. The United Nations drafts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The five freedoms are the animal's well-being, including its physical and mental condition. Freedom from fear and distress (Farm Animal Welfare Council 2012 ). Together, these five guaranteed freedoms make the people of the United States of America the freest in the world. Freedom to express normal behaviour, by providing sufficient space The Five Freedoms are recognised internationally and consist of; freedom from hunger and thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury or disease; freedom to express normal behaviour; freedom from fear and distress. Jun 22, 2023 · The well-known ‘Five Freedoms’ concept was developed by the UK Farm Animal Welfare Council in the 1965 to describe society’s expectations for the conditions animals should experience when under human control. In recent years there has been a move away from the Five Freedoms to the Five Domains. These were first expressed as one of the outcomes of a review of farm animal welfare in the UK in 1965. The Five Freedoms are: Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. The freedom to ask what one wants, instead of waiting for permission. We, in turn, expect the new families to follow suit. It also protects the right to peaceful protest and to petition the Jul 10, 2024 · The model was initially created to assess the impact of a proposed animal experiment or usage by considering all sources of possible welfare compromise, that is, negative welfare (at least on animals directly and intentionally impacted by humans). Whatever their theoretical justification, human rights refer to a wide continuum of values or capabilities thought to enhance The ‘Five Freedoms’as we know them today. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, states that "everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of oneself and one's family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care. Provided by law. Switzerland. Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and . org May 1, 2011 · The Five Freedoms are: Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. Jun 26, 2017 · The Five Freedoms state that all animals under human care should have: Freedom from hunger and thirst, by ready access to water and a diet to maintain health and vigor. Climato-economic theorizing proposes that humans adapt needs, stresses, and choices of goals, means, and outcomes to the livability of their habitat. Established in the United Kingdom forty years ago, they are now universally recognised and have been adopted and adapted across the world for animals kept in a wide range of circumstances. This framework defines “ideal states” for animals under human care and creates a tangible basis from which the physical and mental state of an animal can May 21, 2024 · 3. If the same sentiment can be mirrored towards animals, in achieving these basic Five Freedoms, by making more people aware of these, practice them as well as encourage others to do so, it can prove to be a small step towards a big change in the lives of the voiceless. Freedom to express normal behavior. Five Freedoms. The Five Domains Model 1, 3 is a modern tool for guiding systematic and thorough assessments of animal These eighteen factors consist of eight freedoms and ten advantages . Mar 22, 2021 · Secondly, it disregards the role some negative experiences have in keeping animals alive. The Five Domains Model of Animal Welfare was most recently updated in 2020 and is increasingly used globally when considering the lived experience of animals in humans’ care. It ensures every person’s right to liberty and rejection of subjugation. The Five Freedoms. Mental state. The Five Freedoms have since been adopted world-wide by professional groups including veterinarians, and organisations including the World Organisation for Animal Health. Drafted by a UN committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt , it was accepted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 during its third session on 10 December 1948 The new Five Domains Model examines the human-animal interactions likely to generate both negative affects, such as aversive training techniques and those likely to generate positive affects, for example animal care staff providing a favourite food. Freedom from Discomfort. Freedom from pain, injury and disease, by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. It is also common for laws to restrict freedoms in various ways. The Provisions, which it might be argued have been more influential than the Freedoms, were aimed at practical measures for securing the Freedoms understood within the limits of the caveats noted above. They are: Freedom of religion. Show All. accommodating for a chicken’s Nov 30, 2018 · It has been more than 70 years since world leaders, driven by the desire to prevent another Holocaust, explicitly spelled out the rights everyone on the planet could expect and demand simply because they are human beings. [2] Jun 23, 2024 · human rights, rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals simply for being human, or as a consequence of inherent human vulnerability, or because they are requisite to the possibility of a just society. Although originally designed for farm animals, the Five Freedoms have been adapted for companion and working animals, and since 1965 have been used by international organisations such as the World Organisation for Animal health (OIE), the RSPCA and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. by Dr. Freedom from Discomfort – by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. Freedom is the power and ability to think, act and speak without hindrance or restraint. The UDHR emerged from the ashes of war and the horrors of the Holocaust. The domains are graded based on both positive and negative states. Freedom to express normal behaviour: By providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and company of an animal’s own kind. Animal welfare is where the five freedoms originated from. Water should always be available for your pet, including at night, even when you are sleeping. Any animal kept by humans must, at least, be protected from unnecessary suffering. Physical Environment. In some respects, our wellbeing needs are not too dissimilar to the welfare requirements of battery hens. This materialised into five essential freedoms: Freedom from hunger and thirst ; Freedom from pain, injury and disease Jun 7, 2011 · The Five Freedoms are: 1. Self-determination of people. treatment of animals in our care on their emotional, psychological and mental states of being. In 2021, Switzerland topped the Human Freedom Index at 9. These have subsequently been recognised internationally. mp dx bc ul mi yq ol qu ui vz