[23] Treatment with GABA agonists such as benzodiazepines provide some relief from toluene-induced tremor and ataxia. Jan 1, 2014 · Other effects of toluene such as increased oxidative stress seem to contribute to the detrimetal effects of prolonged toluene exposure . Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to toluene vapor at 600 and 2000 ppm for 6 h/day, and effects on their fertility were investigated. For example, chronic abuse of volatile solvents, such as toluene or naphthalene (the volatile ingredient in mothballs), damages the protective sheath around certain nerve fibers in Chronic toluene abuse produces a devastating neurological disorder, of which dementia is the most disabling component. In the single toxicant experiments, the toxicity of the three pollutants could be sequenced as ethylbenzene > xylene > toluene. Published 1 July 2014. Products that may contain toluene-such as paint, metal cleaners and In this study, eighteen Wistar female albino rats were used to observe the ultrastructural effects of toluene on the rat ovaries. Toluene mixes readily with many organic solvents, but is poorly soluble in water. Inhaling toluene leads to a feeling of euphoria and several reports have shown that children born to women who had abused toluene during pregnancy present a syndrome (toluene embryopathy or fetal solvent syndrome) that is characterized A similar effect was observed for toluene as the expression of toluene CPP was blocked when IL-NAcs neurons were chemogenetically silenced . The breakdown products of toluene, hippuric acid and cresol, can be measured in urine within 12 hours of a high-level exposure. S. abdominal pain. 2 3 These compounds are abused for their euphoric effects mediated Nerve Growth Factor. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. It is flammable at temperatures greater than 40°F (4. With more serious exposure, toluene may cause sleepiness, stumbling, irregular heartbeat, fainting, or even death. The combined effect of toluene and MTBE was investigated using toxic unit model, and it was found to be almost additive and synergistic responses to P. Exposure to toluene can result in temporary effects such as headaches, dizziness and cracked skin, as well as more serious effects such as reproductive damage and respiratory complications. Concentration-dependent effects wer … Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. Quantitative and qualitative studies have identified a wide variety of chemical components in the cartridges, refill solutions, and aerosols of e-cigarettes. Nov 11, 2013 · These studies suggest that GABA A and/or NMDA receptors may play a role in some of the behavioral effects of toluene but do not address if either system is involved in the abuse-related effects of toluene. Psychoactive substances affect the parts of the brain that involve reward, pleasure, and risk. A national survey conducted in 2012 showed that 9. Toluene: It is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene, in a 8 h/day and 6 day/week order for 16 weeks. The alkylbenzenes, toluene being the most common example, represent a class of six-membered ring aromatic compounds that have a variety of alkyl groups attached. 1 Toluene is a representative example of a class of industrial solvents that are voluntarily inhaled as drugs of abuse. Toluene (methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane) is an aromatic hydrocarbon (C7 H8) commonly used as an industrial solvent for the manufacturing of paints, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and rubber. Human toluene exposure increases CYP2E1 mRNA and modifies its activity in leucocytes; however, epigenetic implications of this interaction have not been investig Feb 15, 1977 · Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene. Smoking a hookah (also known as a waterpipe, shisha, or narghile) can expose you and those around you to toluene. Toluene blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, releases dopamine (DA), and modifies several neurotransmitter levels; nonetheless, the mechanism by which it produces hallucinations is not well characterized. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected ip with benzene, toluene, or a mixture of xylene isomers at 20 mmol hydrocarbon/kg daily for 3 days. Toluene is typically used in a mixture with other solvents and chemicals such as paint pigments. Aug 1, 2017 · Background. 1% for pattern recognition (latency), 5. Most studies of workers exposed to moderate levels of toluene show no harmful health effects. Inhalant abuse: 'Sniffing' toluene for a high. Females were exposed from 14 days before mating until day 7 of gestation. This study aims to assess the effect of chronic toluene exposure (15, 30 and 45 days) on the oxidative stress and antioxidant status of different organs in the rat. The drug discrimination procedure is a selective means of probing the receptor mechanisms underlying the abuse-related stimulus effects of a Aug 28, 2022 · The effects of toluene and xylenes on hematologic parameters have recently drawn more and more attention [4,5,6,7]. Forty male albino rats were used and divided into four groups: controls (group I) and three Jul 1, 2014 · Details. This Public Health Statement summarizes the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) findings on toluene, including chemical characteristics, exposure risks, possible health effects from exposure, and ways to limit exposure. The EPA reference concentration (RfC) is 5 mg/m 3 for toluene and 0. Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such. While no direct human evidence is available, there is recent evidence of carcinogenicity of toluene and xylene at high concentrations in experimental animals. 2% of the US population use illicit drugs. Toluene, a commonly abused toxic compound, is shown to stimulate dopamine release in specific regions of the rat brain known as drug reward pathways, according to research published online in Neuropsychopharmacology this week. Little information is available about the toxicity of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene acting on macrophytes, and their toxicity data are rarely used in regulation and criteria decisions. The number of headaches and eye irritation also increased in a dose response manner. [Google Scholar] Shelton KL, Slavova-Hernandez G. ”. Figure 2. In this work, we review what is currently known regarding the sites and mechanisms of action of inhalants with a focus on the volatile solvent toluene that is contained in a levels of toluene in the workplace. Aug 18, 2015 · Background: Toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its acute neurologic effects including euphoria and subsequent depression. No changes in lung weight or histology were reported in female mice exposed to 600 mg/kg/day via gavage for 14 days, compared with controls. ) increased the synaptosomal membrane fluidity. Behavioral effects of acute toluene exposure could be subjected to cost-benefit analysis if the effects of toluene were quantitatively compared to those of ethanol ingestion, which has been monetized for applied contexts. Moreover, nerve growth factor (NGF), tumor necrosis fa …. The activities of the transmitter synthesizing enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. As a drug of abuse, toluene’s toxicological effects similar to those of barbiturates and ethanol, causing altered dopamine levels in the brain. The effects of toluene on animals are similar to those seen in humans. Animals were divided into two equal groups: a control group (Group 1) and a The neurotoxic effects of long-term use (in particular repeated withdrawals) of toluene may cause postural tremors by downregulating GABA receptors within the cerebellar cortex. Alveolar and circulating toluene concentrations decrease as a direct function of respiratory and cardiac rates after exposure ceases. 9% were associated with falling, drowning, or jumping, which suggests a correlation between the intoxicating effect of toluene and Abstract. This leads people to compulsively use drugs in search of another euphoric “high. 7 days after inhaling 70 ppm for 2 hours. This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health related questions (FAQs) regarding exposure to toluene. Dopamine. 2 g/kg were associated with a rise in blood pressure. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. Behavioral effects of toluene and ethanol were quantified by meta-analysis of studies from the peer-reviewed literature General health effects of toluene are also discussed in more limited detail. SummaryToluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a. Background. g. The r … 1. Doses of 0. 2004; 79:219–28. Effects of the abused inhalant toluene on the mesolimbic dopamine system. 4°C); therefore, it is a significant fire hazard at room temperature. Toluene is a representative member of a class of inhaled solvents that are voluntarily used by adolescents and adults for their euphorigenic effects. However, these effects may be drug-specific, as  reinstatement of heroin seeking was enhanced by activation of IL-NAcs neurons [ 125 , 126 ] and reinstatement of alcohol self-administration was The effects of toluene inhalation on some specific enzymes and glutamate and GABA receptor binding in defined parts of the rat brain were studied following several exposure schemes. . People inhale toluene-containing products (e. 11 During P2-P21, each animal was exposed daily to either organic solvent vapors (75% toluene and 18% n-hexane, a solvent mixture commonly found in glues and adhesives) or clean air. These OELs or short-term exposure limits vary from 14 to 300 ppm across countries partly due to heterogeneity of the findings from animal and human studies about its neurotoxic effects These results demonstrate that a brief exposure to toluene vapor induces highly selective and long-lasting effects on VTA DA neuron excitability and show that these compounds, like other drugs of abuse, impact dopaminergic neurons involved in reward. plumosus larvae were investigated using a semi-static bioassay, and the type of joint effects of TEX was ascertained. It has been previously reported that rhabdomyolysis and acute hepatorenal injury could be hallmarks of the condition, and could constitute risk factors for Mar 21, 2024 · Effects of Drug Addiction on Behavior. , 2014). The present study sought to characterize Rationale: Toluene is a misused inhalant with hallucinogenic properties and complex effects. Workers may be harmed from exposure The prevalence of toluene abuse exceeds that of any other inhalant (Filley et al. The elimination half-time for toluene from human tissue is 0. As a result, toluene is considered a neurotoxin. Its toxic effects in the central nervous system have not been well established, and how and which neurons are affected remains unknown. 1 Inhalants include a variety of substances such as gasoline, spray paint, solvents, glue, nail polish remover, rubber cement, permanent markers and cleaning fluids. 3:[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. 0% for digit span, 12. While animal research suggests that exposure to organic solvents (especially toluene) may be neurotoxic, much less is known about the consequences of long-term exposure in h … Jun 1, 2009 · Shared discriminative stimulus properties among toluene, halothane, TCE and ETOH indicate that some volatile inhalants share pharmacological properties with ETOh, and at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as ETOS and barbiturates. ) for its intoxicating effect. This is often referred to as “glue sniffing,” and is a highly addictive and dangerous form of substance abuse. Single and joint toxic effects of TEX on C. The alcohol-like effect of toluene intoxication has a rapid onset and short duration. No respiratory effects were reported in mice or rats after oral exposure to toluene at dosage levels up to 2,500 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks or 590 mg/kg/day for 6 months. Research into the mechanisms of action of inhaled solvents has lagged behind that of other drugs of abuse despite mounting evidence that these compounds exert profound neurobehavioral and Jan 23, 2018 · In general, e-cigarettes often contain ingredients such as propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol, mixed with concentrated flavors and, optionally, a variable percentage of nicotine. General health effects include lethality, growth, morbidity, liver and kidney damage and miscellaneous effects. Blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigation. Biochem Pharmacol. Aug 8, 2023 · Toluene is the most widely abused inhaled volatile drug. Toluene is predominantly used as an industrial feedstock and a Apr 11, 2022 · In Singapore, from 1983-1991, 33 people were found to have toluene in their blood postmortem; 22 were known glue sniffers; 11 were suspected of solvent abuse; 6. 6% of eighth graders in the USA and around 7. Oct 18, 2022 · Toluene abuse is the most common form of inhalant abuse. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. The experimental group was exposed to 3,000 ppm toluene/m3 for 7 days and 8 h/day. The results extended the knowledge on toxic effects of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene on aquatic plants. However, dangerous metabolic abnormalities are associated to acute toluene intoxication. Effects of abused inhalants and GABA-positive modulators in dizocilpine discriminating inbred mice. lvent. In conclusion, the last 15 years have provided extensive evidence of the molecular, cellular and systemic actions of toluene and have firmly established solvents as important drugs of abuse. These documents provide information on the health effects of exposure, the chemical’s toxicity and material for responding to a chemical incident. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid which becomes a vapor when exposed to air at room temperature. nausea and vomiting. The acute phase effects of toluene on the brain have been investigated in this study using rabbit brain via histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods. The U. 1016/0006-2952 (77)90180-0. Toluene is known to cause congenital disabilities and the birth rate of children when used by pregnant women [28] . American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. A number of case reports describe neonatal effects that have been attributed to toluene abuse during pregnancy. Organic solvent abuse is associated with increased risk for serious medical, neurological, and neuropsychological impairments. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative used in veterinary medicine as a treatment for various parasites in dogs and cats. Toluene is a clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor. Previous data from this lab and others has shown that toluene modulates the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine receptors at concent …. excavatus in filter paper contact test and soil tests, respectively. 2014. Small Molecule. At the end of the experiment the main ultrastructural findings related The drug discrimination procedure in animals has been extensively utilized to model the abuse related, subjective effects of drugs in humans, but it has seldom been used to examine abused volatile inhalants like toluene. Methods: We exposed six healthy adults to 100 ppm toluene or air (control) for 6 h, in a double-blind, randomized fashion, with exposures separated by at least 14 d and including 30 min Jun 15, 2022 · The worst effects of exposure to toluene have occurred in deliberate abusers of toluene. Toluene is used in these applications because it is dense and contains significant energy per unit of Toluene (C₆H₅CH₃) is a colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent odor. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT FOR TOLUENE. Many workers are regularly exposed to toluene in their working environment and occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been set to avoid adverse health effects. Animal studies do not Apr 20, 2023 · After reaching the tissues of the body, the drug has vasodilation action on both cranial and peripheral vasculature, causing headache, light-headedness, euphoric effects, flushing of the skin, tachycardia, visual distortions, a slowed perception of time, syncopal feelings, a sensation of excitement, and euphoric effects. DrugBank Accession Number. Oct 18, 2022 · Toluene fatal intoxication can be classified under a medicolegal point of view in voluntary suicidal deaths or accidental deaths. The effects of administration of these hydrocarbons upon their own in vitro metabolism, as well as upon cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, aminopyr … Overview. Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar Albino rats (200-220 g) were used in this controlled experimental animal study. Aug 1, 2015 · Background: CYP2E1 is a versatile phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of most volatile organic compounds, including toluene. Sep 11, 2013 · The reinforcing effects of toluene have been probed by using various animal models associated with different aspects of drug addiction. A brief description of chemical properties and environmental prevalence is given, followed by a review of pharmacokinetic data. mood Eye / drug effects Female Fetus / drug effects Toluene / metabolism Toluene / toxicity* Substances Toluene Mar 20, 2023 · The most common application of toluene is used as an industrial solvent, which can lead to intentional, accidental, and environmental intoxication. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in . Toluene vapor is mildly irritating to the skin, eyes, and lungs. Abusers who seek its euphoric effect are typically teenagers and younger adults. 0% for critical tracking. 1% of deaths were from acute toluene poisoning; and 87. 5 to 2. May 4, 2005 · A nomogram was constructed by GPAT simulation to relate the environmental exposure concentration of toluene to the equivalent effect magnitude of a range of ethanol internal doses. [23] Studies of the effects of toluene on membrane fluidity demonstrated that in vivo administration of toluene in rat (1 g/kg, 1 h, i. Experiment 3 replicated the effects of toluene (1000mg/kg) in Experiment 1, showing that toluene-induced increases in horizontal activity were greatest in the oldest rats. Identification of VTA neurons by immunohistochemistry. The animals were divided into experimental and control groups. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long These effects are related to inhalant intoxication and may include belligerence, apathy, impaired judgment, and impaired functioning in work or social situations; nausea and vomiting are other common side effects. , paint thinner, contact cement, correction pens, model glue, etc. 2% of the European population have used inhalants in their lifetime. doi: 10. This makes it difficult to study the neurotoxic effects of the individual constituents (Ramcharan et al. The present study sought to characterize the temporal aspects of toluene's disc … Recreational abuse of toluene-containing volatile inhalants by adolescents is a significant public health problem. Shelton KL, Balster RL. The biphasic tachycardia to toluene suggests multiple sites for eliciting the cardiotoxic effects of this toxicant. The clinical syndrome, toluene leukoencephalopathy, can be detected by a combination of characteristic symptoms and signs, detailed neurobehavioral evaluation, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Toluene produced dose-related increases in horizontal activity that increased proportionately with age. Herrington and Myers (2015) have detected approximately 60 Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of inhalation of toluene on respiratory function and neuropsychological performance of humans. They produce a sense of euphoria and well-being by flooding the brain with dopamine. Exposure to high doses can cause confusion and delirium. Mental status alterations range from The long-term effects of chronic toluene exposure include changes in sleeping patterns, liver failure, kidney failure, heart failure, persistent neurological damage, and death. Exposure to toluene can cause eye and nose irritation, tiredness, confusion, euphoria, dizziness, headache, dilated pupils, tears, anxiety, muscle fatigue, insomnia, nerve damage, inflammation of the skin, and liver and kidney damage. According to the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System of the American Association of Poison Control Systems, 54% of the abusers of inhaled volatile substances were teenagers age 13 to 19 years old, and 15% were Feb 13, 2023 · In animal experiments, exposure to toluene has been associated with significantly higher concentrations of catecholamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in various brain regions. 2 g/kg elicited a mean BP elevation of 6 and 16 mm Hg, respectively, for 7-hour post-dosing. To determine the impact of early solvent inhalation on cortical neuronal differentiation, brains were stained using the Golgi-Cox-Sholl procedure to quantitatively Aug 8, 2018 · chemical odor on clothes and breath. Lethality and performance on an inverted screen test of motor performance were measured following 10-, 30-, and 60-min exposures. Apr 11, 2022 · Woodward JJ, Beckley J. The higher the octane number or rating, the greater the fuel’s resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion. Yucel M, Takagi M, Walterfang M, Lubman DI. Usually, commercial solvent abuse results in exposure to several volatile substances, such as toluene, n-hexane, xylene and benzene. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in Toluene -ToxFAQsTM. Males were exposed for a total of 90 days, including the mating period; treat … Feb 26, 2016 · Generic Name. Toluene is a colorless, liquid that is immiscible in water. The drug discrimination procedure in animals has been extensively utilized to model the abuse related, subjective effects of drugs in humans, but it has seldom been used to examine abused volatile inhalants like toluene. , 2004), making the effects of toluene inhalation an important research focus area. 1977 Feb 15;26 (4):293-300. Toluene is a widely used industrial solvent, and humans may also have high exposures to toluene from the deliberate inhalation ("sniffing") of paint reducer, paint thinner, or paint for their narcotic effects. The effects of acute intoxication can be dramatic and the lasting adverse effects of inhalants may be highly injurious. 5% for one hole, and 3. It should also be noted that any future epidemiological observations of cancer risks associated with toluene or xylene would have to take account of the suspected Male Wistar albino rats (150-250 g) were divided in two experimental groups: the control and the toluene treated group (n = 10 for each). The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long Toluene is a widely used industrial organic solvent and is ubiquitous in our environment. Locomotor effects of drugs have been commonly studied due to the fact that increased mesolimbic dopamine activity, historically thought of as the ‘reward pathway,' induces hyperlocomotion. In addition, inhalant abusers may experience dizziness, drowsiness, slurred Abstract. Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the Of the various classes of drugs associated with the development of SUD, inhalants are among the least studied despite their widespread use among adolescents and children. Toluene vapor has a sharp or sweet odor, which is a sign of exposure. Toluene is a toxic chemical used in in nail products and hair dyes. Type. The greatest effect was found for an increasing number Toluene and xylene. The possession and use of toluene and products containing it are regulated in many jurisdictions, for the supposed reason of preventing minors from obtaining these products for recreational drug purposes. glue-sniffer’s rash — a rash around the mouth that extends to the middle of the face. Oct 14, 2022 · Toluene is a gasoline additive that can be used to improve octane ratings for fuel used in race cars and other automobiles. It is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid. Characterization of an inhaled toluene drug discrimination in mice: effect of exposure conditions and route of administration. DB11558. Apr 6, 2022 · Toluene abuse is the most common form of inhalant abuse. headaches. The mechanisms underlying the abuse potential of such substances remain unclear, but could involve increased activity in mesoaccumbal dopamine (DA) afferents innervating the nucleus acc … Dec 29, 2019 · Perhaps the most significant toxic effect of chronic exposure to inhalants is widespread and long-lasting damage to the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Aug 18, 2015 · Background Toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its acute neurologic effects including euphoria and subsequent depression. Toluene misuse and long-term harms: a systematic review of the neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. It is identified as CAS#108-88-3, and the United Nations Department of Transportation's number for toluene is UN#1294. 19 Nitrites are The tachycardic effects of toluene at 0. Toluene. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the acute cardiotoxic effects of high dose toluene and its damage mechanisms on heart tissue in the acute period. Adverse performance at 150 ppm toluene was found at 6. Among this group, half a million people abuse inhalants. Toluene, an inexpensive and available industrial solvent, has become increasingly popular as a drug of abuse. Some acute effects of inhalation exposure to toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE), halothane, and ethanol were examined in mice. 108-88-3. urces. J Drug Alcohol Res. The neurobehavioral and neurotoxic effects of toluene are well recognized; however, its genotoxicity is still under discussion. Also, cyclooxygenase-2 and caspase-3 activities (a marker of apoptosis) are studied. Toluene is less dense than water and will float on Apr 1, 2022 · Toluene is an air pollutant widely used as an organic solvent in industrial production and emitted by fossil fuel combustion, in addition to being used as a drug of abuse. p. However, the epidemiological evidence of the hematological effects induced by individual BTX components is not quite conclusive, probably because of the confounding effects of other co-existing BTX components [ 8 ]. dizziness. A total of 20 male rabbits were used as control and experimental groups. The combined effect of toluene and MTBE in filter paper contact test was not consistent with the results in soil toxicity tests. Until now it has been unclear whether toluene affects reward centers in Other effects of toluene such as increased oxidative stress seem to contribute to the detrimetal effects of prolonged toluene exposure . 0% for pattern memory (number correct), 6. Apr 11, 2022 · Next: Imaging Studies. The authors proposed a specific toluene-phospholipid interaction in synaptosomes that resulted in altered membrane composition and fluidity. CAS # 108-88-3. In addition, toluene is a widely used volatile drug for recreational purposes through inhalation, that is, through sniffing or huffing, as it produces acute neurological effects which people enjoy. The brain is the primary target of toluene (methylbenzene), the major solvent in spray paint and a constituent of many other easily obtained commercial and industrial products. Toluene abuse affects mostly young people: around 12. 8 and 1. Maturation of swimming behavior and physical development we … Rats were exposed to toluene twice a day for a period of 15 minutes on Days 2 through 32 of postnatal life. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. Toluene may be deliberately inhaled from some products for its mood-altering effects. Long-term exposure to toluene vapors is capable of causing permanent damage to the central nervous system (Greenberg, 1997). Toluene biotransformation leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress and DNA damages. The main effect of toluene is on the brain and nervous system, but animals exposed to moderate or high levels of toluene also show harmful effects in their liver, kidneys, and lungs and impaired immune function. Therefore, researchers have to study the effects of each solvent to clarify their role in brain What immediate health effects can be caused by exposure to toluene? Breathing toluene vapors in small amounts may cause a mild headache, dizziness, drowsiness, or nausea. These chemicals are liquids with relatively low boiling points and are used primarily as solvents or as starting materials in the synthesis of other chemicals and drugs. Behavioral effects and their evaluation are determined by internal doses, which in turn are determined by a variety of variables. R01 AA009986/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States. Last updated 16 Learn more about BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT) uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT). 1 mg/m 3 for xylene, which is an estimate of the air level for the general population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without risk for deleterious effects over lifetime The subsequent effects upon swimming ability, escape latency from water, locomotor activity and physical development were evaluated. Homicidal toluene deaths are not described in forensic literature. Death has been reported after exposure to toluene at 1, 800–2,000 ppm for 1 hour. rq sx zm of hx uo ma ng ea jx