With Proxmox installed, administrators gain the ability to manage virtual servers via Linux OpenVZ and KVM tech. Last edited: Nov 30, 2021. Customize Proxmox VE users by location, employees, revenue, industry, and more. and use them to secure your machines. Install your VM with all drivers and needed software packages. Proxmox Mail Gateway. May 10, 2024 · While Proxmox and Unraid can both run virtual machines, Proxmox is a hypervisor and Unraid is a NAS operating system. 168. 2, the logical volume “data” is a LVM-thin pool, used to store block based guest images, and /var/lib/vz is simply a directory on the root file system. #4. As we want to use Terraform to automate the creation of our Proxmox resources, the next step is to give the Terraform user permission to create a VM using Proxmox. You will Proxmox Virtual Environment is a powerful open-source server virtualization platform to manage two virtualization technologies - KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) for virtual machines and LXC for containers - with a single web-based interface. Hello, this day have seen that compression is default on (rpool) lz4 by new installations. 0 release. This post talks about everything you need to know to understand how Proxmox uses LVM as its storage infrastructure. Jul 29, 2022 · Proxmox is a complete open source server management platform for enterprise virtualisation. ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems. Proxmox VE is an open-source server management platform designed for enterprise virtualization. Containers in Proxmox are a game changer because they require less horsepower than full-blown VMs. However, unlike Proxmox, XCP-ng is based on CentOS and may include elements from Debian GNU/Linux or other distributions to fulfill specific requirements or enhance functionality. If something happens, afterwards, the next time the filesystem is mounted, the filesystem can check the journal, and the filesystem, to see if there was any pending started or incomplete changes to the filesystem, and then discard Proxmox Backup Server is an enterprise backup solution, for backing up and restoring VMs, containers, and physical hosts. It supports both full virtualization and containerization, making it an excellent choice for various use cases. Buy now! It's easy to start: Just download the ISO image and install Proxmox VE on your hardware. 10. And then you use it to create numerous virtual machines and containers, manage them, create clusters with them and what not. You can even use the Proxmox VE firewall, create and restore backups, or manage containers using the HA framework. ly/2YjcEBV Proxmox: a FREE, open-source virtualization platform! Other hypervisors such as VMware ESXi and Hype Jun 30, 2021 · One example is snapshots: LVM and e. Usability is another important consideration, though. at. hook up another USB-connected disk to the Mac and make it boot Proxmox from there. Use API keys for authentication. for virtual-DMZ etc. Jan 19, 2023 · If you are trying to use Proxmox to set up a homelab for the first time, it must be very confusing to see all the storage related terms, e. Proxmox VE is most often used by companies with 50-200 employees & $1M-10M in revenue. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. on the server I installed the VITRO drivers and activated the quemu agent. If ease of use is even remotely a concern, you should use Proxmox due to KVM’s default command Aug 19, 2022 · Thinking about it, a few possibilities came to mind, but I lack the knowledge to determine what is best. Dec 4, 2023 · After installing Proxmox on your server, Proxmox VE provides an easy-to-use web interface for management that usually just requires a few clicks. Then upload the ISO to your Proxmox VE server: logon to the Proxmox VE web interface. It integrates with Proxmox VE for seamless management. There are two options for authentication: Username/Password: Use the existing default root user and root password. 2) Click the Create CephFS button at the top. Question 1) My guess is that the best performance for the VMs would be to install Proxmox on the SATA drive and use the NVME for VM storage. 1, the installer creates a standard logical volume called “data”, which is mounted at /var/lib/vz. Managing resources effectively is critical to keeping systems running smoothly and efficiently. Jul 11, 2011 · Proxmox also supports container-style virtualization, which you'll often hear referred to as jails or maybe even zones. Feb 10, 2021 · Proxmox Vs Vmware Esxi Comparison - Type 1 Hypervisors For Virtualization. Consider your specific needs and requirements when choosing between Proxmox and Portainer. Oct 25, 2010 · deepdoc. Hi! I'm new to Proxmox. It is a great storage solution when integrated within Proxmox Virtual Environment (VE) clusters that provides reliable and Create VM Template. Portainer focuses primarily on Docker container management. Comparing Proxmox VE to alternatives. Jan 19, 2020 · chotaire said: Yes that is a very bad idea. The following list will help you to compare Proxmox VE with alternatives in the server virtualization market: Aug 13, 2021 · in this video VE tells you how to use the template and clone features on ProxmoxLinks in our description may be affiliate links which help our channel grow. I utilize Proxmox VE primarily for running virtual machines instead of containers, especially for services that require the entire environment of a VM. To use this functionality, you need a subscription key for Proxmox Offline Mirror itself. It is a Debian-based Linux distribution with a modified Ubuntu LTS kernel which specialises in managing virtual machines and containers. The user interface is fully accessible via your web browser, allowing for reliable, easy management of your virtual servers. Feb 12, 2024 · Proxmox and Xen are both open-source virtualization platforms that allow users to create and manage virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical server. Remove all user data, passwords and keys - In order to do this run sysprep on Windows or similar tools or scripts on Linux and just power-off the VM. If you need a virtual machine that has a lot of graphics processing power for gaming, 3D rendering, or running GPU-accelerated applications like AI, GPU passthrough allows you to have this in a VM. It was developed by Proxmox Server Solutions in Austria under the Internet Foundation of Austria and is released under the GNU General Public License. Reboot the Proxmox host. Usually, a serial console should be added and used as a display. , LVM, LVM-Thin. I'd recommend to create security groups e. Proxmox VE code is licensed under…. Install Gitlab in a guest. A few important notes: Mar 25, 2022 · The Proxmox team works very hard to make sure you are running the best software and getting stable updates and security enhancements, as well as quick enterprise support. Honestly, I would use Proxmox for my data center if I had one. chrone. Back in 2005, Martin Maurer and Dietmar Maurer founded the company Proxmox Server Solutions GmbH. However, task management is distributed across five management tools. b) keep the 1000G as one and make ZFS directly for the full disk. Qemu/KVM Virtual Machines. Proxmox’s user-friendly web-based interface is more accessible for users with less technical expertise than KVM. VMware is a common name in the business and even large Mar 16, 2023 · Proxmox is an open-source solution that is free to use and modify, making it a cost-effective option for small and medium-sized businesses. Proxmox Virtual Environment is an open source server virtualization management solution based on QEMU/KVM and LXC. I have some question about storage. Proxmox VE generates an ISO image to pass the Cloud-Init data to the VM. This enables users to virtualize Linux and Windows application workloads. Jul 21, 2016 · The Proxmox VE firewall is very capable of securing your machine and cannot be influenced by a faulty VM firewall. Jul 5, 2019 · The Proxmox team works very hard to make sure you are running the best software and getting stable updates and security enhancements, as well as quick enterprise support. just use the "upload" button on the menu bar. Since Proxmox is based on Debian, it should not be installed on top of any other Linux distributions. With a centralized built-in web interface, users can run VMs and containers, manage software-defined storage and networking Dec 29, 2023 · Proxmox VE is an open-source server virtualization management solution. Oct 5, 2021 · Get the full Proxmox course here: https://bit. Distance: 10. Proxmox operates on a Debian-based Linux OS distribution, providing stability and reliability. Proxmox makes heavy use of the capabilities of ZFS filesystems in the features and capabilities offered. The features it has are not fully baked, nor are they sustainable. Then it is written to the filesystem. Proxmox VE provides a key generation tool ( oathkeygen) which prints out a random key in Base32 notation, that can be used directly with various OTP tools, such as the oathtool command-line tool, or on Android Google Authenticator, FreeOTP, andOTP or similar applications. N. Proxmox have mostly been used for vm's that could be rebuild from configuration management for us. Create a new Linux bridge and mark the “VLAN aware” checkbox. XCP-ng is a Jun 7, 2024 · Key Takeaways: Proxmox is an open-source server management platform for virtualization. Right-click the VM and select "Convert to template". In Proxmox VE, the qemu-guest-agent is used for mainly three things: To freeze the guest file system when making a backup/snapshot (on windows, use the volume shadow copy Sep 13, 2022 · The storage model for Proxmox is flexible. It is integrated in the cluster environment, the user- and authentication system - and of course, all traffic is fully encrypted. Spice was first introduced with Proxmox VE 3. This means that they are aware of the cluster setup, and they can use the same network and storage resources as virtual machines. LVM normally allocates blocks when you create a volume. Requirements for SPICE. I will try to indeed add a new hard disk to the proxmox host and simply pass-that-through as a dedicated drive in a VM that has one purpose: act as a NAS server. Tens of thousands of happy customers have a Proxmox subscription. Unraid will allow you to run VMs, however, Proxmox has the ability to create clusters for high-availability (HA Sep 29, 2023 · Proxmox VE: Paid Subscription Options. If you use shared storage between Proxmox hosts, you can live-migrate virtual machines without any downtime. It tightly integrates the KVM hypervisor and Linux Containers (LXC), software-defined storage and networking functionality, on a single platform. The Proxmox VE storage model is very flexible. Learn how to set up Proxmox VE step by step in this Medium post by Akash, a DevOps enthusiast. Our goal is to create efficient and easy-to-manage GNU/Linux software products, so everyone is able to build secure, stable, and scalable The Proxmox Container Toolkit ( pct) is tightly coupled with Proxmox VE. It also integrates out-of-the-box-tools for configuring high availability between servers, software See Also. Some of these services are easier to manage within a VM. Proxmox is a type-1 hypervisor that you install on a physical server. It provides secure Proxmox Backup Server storage and data management features. 2. Virtual machine images can either be stored on one or several local storages, or on shared storage like NFS or iSCSI (NAS, SAN). Proxmox VE code is licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License, version 3. Qemu/KVM Virtual Machines - Proxmox VE. Regarding backup and restore solutions, the supported functionalities of Proxmox include Zstandard compression, authenticated encryption, deduplication, and incremental backups. Apr 25, 2024 · The Proxmox Container Toolkit ( pct) is tightly coupled with Proxmox VE. At the time of writing, Proxmox VE is not an officially supported platform for NVIDIA vGPU. Proxmox VE offers a web interface accessible after installation on your server which makes management easy, typically needing only a few clicks. Afterwards they are trying to make best use of the provided functions of some known storage. Starting with Proxmox VE 3. Then the journal entry is deleted. The beauty of Proxmox is that it combines two potent virtualization Add a static route on your router to the private network behind the bridge. Either a VM or a container (or a Docker inside a VM). LVM (Logical Volume Management) is actually a Linux technology. Sep 16, 2019 · good morning, I wanted support to understand how to best configure ram memory on servers. You can use the normal LVM command-line tools to manage and create LVM thin pools (see The Proxmox Offline Mirror tool can be used to manage subscription keys for air-gapped systems or systems that cannot access the public internet. Free and open-source: Proxmox is open-source and free to use. It integrates the KVM hypervisor and Linux Containers (LXC) on a single platform. Buy now! Proxmox VE can use local directories or locally mounted shares for storage. Create metadata servers dialog box. Buy now! Apr 25, 2024 · The Proxmox VE SDN configurations are located in /etc/pve/sdn, which is shared with all other cluster nodes through the Proxmox VE configuration file system. Those configurations get translated to the respective configuration formats of the tools that manage the underlying network stack (for example ifupdown2 or frr ). There is no need for manually compile ZFS modules Target Proxmox VE customers to accomplish your sales and marketing goals. In five minutes you'll be creating your first virtual machines and containers. vmbr0 is the Linux bridge. 10 GHz - 16 GB RAM - 1 USB Key for Proxmox - 4 HDDs (3 TB each) and 1 SSD (256 GB) and Proxmox Regarding my installation: - What storage device should I use to This naming scheme is used for new Proxmox VE installations since version 5. Dec 12, 2023 · Proxmox is an open-source, Debian-based hypervisor that supports both KVM and LXC virtualization technologies. Proxmox itself only uses less than 3GiB in my experience, However, because of a lot of small disk writes for logging and graphs and such, a USB stick or SD card will wear out and break very quickly. Read more. This means that even with valid vGPU licenses, you may not be eligible for NVIDIA enterprise support for this use-case. Many Cloud-Init images rely on this, it is a requirement for OpenStack. make the 20G partition boot Proxmox internally. Proxmox VE is a virtualization platform that can adapt easily to different conditions. I could install Proxmox on the SSD and have the NVME as storage, or the other way round. Connect the drives to Proxmox, create a ZFS pool, install Samba on Proxmox and share the ZFS. However, the Proxmox Admin is still under development, and some advanced options require command-line use. Mar 1, 2024. Hyper-V. YubiKey OTP. Proxmox has a web-based interface that allows you to manage VMs, containers, clusters, and backups with ease. In order to use Spice you need the following: Spice client on your desktop OS Feb 28, 2019 · Proxmox VE is an open-source platform for enterprise virtualization that integrates KVM hypervisor and LXC containers on a single platform. It does great for most of the basic stuff like web servers, game servers such as 7 Days, Minecraft, Farming simulator, etc. 3. Last edited: Aug 22, 2022. Proxmox Mail Gateway is a comprehensive email security solution designed to protect your email infrastructure from spam, viruses, phishing, and other threats. You can use shared storage, as mentioned, on storage appliances, including NFS and iSCSI SAN. That is not true. ZFS on Linux - Proxmox VE. The backup tools are fully integrated into the platform, so you can back up and restore items using the same interface. QEMU (short form for Quick Emulator) is an open source hypervisor that emulates a physical computer. 578 companies use Proxmox VE. 1. What is Proxmox VE? Proxmox Virtual Environment is an open source server virtualization management solution based on QEMU/KVM and LXC. It's a Debian-based Linux distribution with a modified Ubuntu LTS kernel. May 17, 2024 · Proxmox offers an enterprise-level utility for backing up and restoring virtual environments, hosts, and containers that is better than ESXi. LVM Basics. Nov 29, 2020 · Jan 16, 2022. Oct 7, 2019. 4, the native Linux kernel port of the ZFS file system is introduced as optional file system and also as an additional selection for the root file system. Proxmox Backup Server is an enterprise backup solution, for backing up and restoring VMs, containers, and physical hosts. I would love to use their software if I had a company and I would definitely donate to the cause to ensure the greatness keep coming and it continues being Jun 17, 2021 · a) split SSDs in 980G+20G partitions (as above). ZFS support those natively, while a storage of type "dir" used with ext4 doesn't. The container virtualization bits are owned and supported by OpenVZ, which Understanding Proxmox VE. Mar 4, 2024 · The Ceph File System (CephFS) is a POSIX-compliant file system that uses the underlying storage provided by the Ceph cluster to provide for storing files. You can mount additional storages via standard linux /etc/fstab , and then define a directory storage for that mount point. With strong encryption and methods of ensuring data integrity, you can feel Feb 13, 2021 · Proxmox VE is a powerful platform for managing enterprise virtualization with KVM and LXC. This behaviour is called thin-provisioning, because volumes can be much larger than physically available space. However, Proxmox also offers commercial support and services, including a subscription-based model, which provides additional features, updates, and technical support. 7, and did run it in production. It’s built on Debian Linux and leverages a customized kernel, giving you fine-grained control over your virtualized environment. Templates are created by converting a VM to a template. g. Dec 8, 2022 · The Proxmox team works very hard to make sure you are running the best software and getting stable updates and security enhancements, as well as quick enterprise support. You should add the is_mountpoint option to the User. Ethernet devices: eth[N], where 0 ≤ N (eth0, eth1, …) This naming scheme is used for Proxmox VE hosts which were installed before the 5. 0, the names are kept as-is. Apr 21, 2022 · The web interface is based on ExtJS and supports all modern browsers. From the perspective of the host system where QEMU is running, QEMU is a user program which has access to a number of local resources like partitions, files, network cards which May 21, 2024 · Install Proxmox Virtual Environment via Command Line. From here, the only thing we need to do is create a VM using the correct VLAN tag and Bridge. If you want a quickstart guide on installing a The “Proxmox Container Toolkit” ( pct) simplifies the usage and management of LXC, by providing an interface that abstracts complex tasks. data storage configuration. I've been using Proxmox since 1. Do not use real domain names ever, you will just be flooding authoritative nameservers with useless requests or the host will even try to start sending cron emails to that domain and so on and so on. With the bare-metal installation, you'll get a complete operating system based on Dec 4, 2023 · Proxmox Backup Server (PBS) is a free solution based on the Debian operating system from Proxmox for backing up Proxmox VE virtual machines and container instances. The source code of Proxmox VE is licensed under the GNU AGPLv3 and free to download and use. Ceph is a scalable storage solution that is free and open-source. hmohr and haroon9. May 28, 2020 · Proxmox is a fantastic tool, but the problem is, it's not ready for the enterprise. Note. For that reason alone, Proxmox is better in almost every way in terms of creating and running virtual machines. . Feb 20, 2024 · Open the Proxmox web interface. In this way I cannot start any other vm. For that purpose, all Cloud-Init VMs need to have an assigned CD-ROM drive. make the 980G partitions ZFS pool. If you want to purchase a subscription key for the Proxmox Offline Mirror tool, please contact us. Proxmox Virtual Environment is an open-source server virtualization management platform. Choose the guest OS you're confortable with. This is very easy and is working for any kind of guest OS. A directory is a file level storage, so you can store any content type like virtual disk images, containers, templates, ISO images or backup files. Again, ZFS pool in Proxmox, create a vDisk with almost the full pool size, give it to some VM and create the SMB share there. Proxmox Backup Server is a robust Proxmox Virtual Environment is a complete, open-source server management platform for enterprise virtualization. #1. An overview of Proxmox. Jan 1, 2020 · The Proxmox team works very hard to make sure you are running the best software and getting stable updates and security enhancements, as well as quick enterprise support. Download. Support is 'available', but only business hours in Germany, which again, is not sustainable for many businesses. Containers are tightly integrated with Proxmox VE. Jan 25, 2021 · The Proxmox team works very hard to make sure you are running the best software and getting stable updates and security enhancements, as well as quick enterprise support. Most of the time the recommendation is the opposite. That beeing said, i feel proxmox is more "easy" and knowledge more available, perhaps becouse it is just a few applications on top of debian. Proxmox Backup Server. Periodically it happens that proxmox indicates 20 GB of memory in use on the host, but only the windows server is lit with 8gb of ram. Proxmox also has a strong community support and extensive documentation. It can be used to create and manage VMs with kernel-based virtualization (KVM) or Linux Containers (LXC), and to manage storage with software-defined storage. Under the auspices of the Internet Foundation of Austria, Proxmox Server Solutions developed Proxmox VE in Austria. I'd avoid installing stuff on proxmox itself (especially Docker which will probably insert its own iptables rules and mess up the ones from Proxmox). Our usage data goes back 3 years and 1 months. Proxmox offers many high-grade features, making it an attractive option for many organizations. At its core, Proxmox VE is a hypervisor that empowers you to create and manage virtual machines (VMs) and containers. If needed, my current architecture is quite simple : - 1 HP Microserver Gen 8 - 1 Intel Xeon E3-1220 V2 3. This will launch the dialog box to Create: Metadata Servers. Mar 21, 2023 · Proxmox Virtual Environment: Best for SMBs. 5TB drive wasn't mounted (in time) and now it is stored on the root disk of the node, filling it up. What is ESXi? ESXi is a core part of the vSphere virtualization suite made by VMware Inc (a part of Dell Technologies). 0. I. It is used to exchange information between the host and guest, and to execute command in the guest. So what are the differences? On my v-machines pool the compression was not activated. There are no limits, and you may configure as many storage pools as you like. Buy now! Feb 19, 2022 · Proxmox Subscriber. Proxmox VE is already the best choice for thousands of satisfied customers when it comes to choosing an alternative to VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V or Citrix XenServer. Get yours easily in our online shop. Jul 5, 2020 · Since the storage config for it is missing the is_mountpoint 1 option, I suspect that at some point, the 2. 1. 1) In my lab, I made each Proxmox host a Metadata server. When upgrading to 5. With strong encryption and methods of ensuring data integrity, you can feel Oct 12, 2023 · Passing through a GPU allows you to create a Proxmox virtual machine that can directly use the graphics card installed in your Proxmox VE host. Due to its affordability, it is a go-to for startups, home enthusiasts, and groups that won’t prefer to invest in costly licenses. Our Proxmox company history starts just shortly before our first product, Proxmox Mail Gateway, is released. Next hop address: 192. I believe the installer refuses anything less than 8GiB, which makes 8GB drives too small. Reboot Proxmox and your bridge will be created! reboot now Creating a Virtual Machine Using a VLAN in Proxmox. On my old installation (Upgrade machine from pve3 to pve4) there is the defaultcompression to "on". Navigate to “System” > “Network”. It offers the ability to manage virtual server (VPS) technology with the Linux OpenVZ and KVM technologies. Highlight the vmbr0 Linux Bridge and click ‘edit’. You can use all storage technologies available for Debian Linux. It also integrates out-of-the-box-tools for configuring high availability between servers, software Proxmox Virtual Environment is a powerful open-source server virtualization platform to manage two virtualization technologies - KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) for virtual machines and LXC for containers - with a single web-based interface. However, Proxmox is an open-source solution that offers flexibility and customization options, while VMware is a commercial product with advanced features and a large support ecosystem. Proxmox do require some linux knowledge, but vmware require a lot of domain spesific knowledge as well. Starting from version 4. The GUI and CLI use the same code base for the installation process, so the end result is the same. Jan 25, 2024 · From the performance discussion, let’s dive into how Proxmox tackles resource allocation for containers and virtual machines. Jan 5, 2016. Beginning to create cephfs in proxmox. You could just put Proxmox on a slow The qemu-guest-agent is a helper daemon, which is installed in the guest. Portainer is a simple management UI for Docker. Download the latest drivers (ISO) as suggested by the page Windows_VirtIO_Drivers to your desktop. 20. Dec 10, 2023 · Proxmox Virtual Environment (VE) is an open-source hypervisor that serves as a powerful virtualization platform. Using Spice on Proxmox VE is easy and secure. Proxmox offers extensive features for virtual machine and container management. Proxmox allows to deploy KVM or LXC images that can be easily configured thanks to the powerful graphical interface integrated A change is first recorded in the journal. It is available under the GNU General Public Licence. Buy now! May 10, 2024 · 5. Storage pool type: lvmthin. Then I foresee all kinds of troubles like huge backups, etc. 0/24. VMware ESXi and Proxmox are the most commonly used virtualization solutions for homelab use. Dec 10, 2023 · Proxmox and VMware are both virtualization platforms used to create and manage virtual machines. May 10, 2024 · In terms of performance, both Proxmox and KVM offer solid, reliable performance. This naming scheme is used for new Proxmox VE installations since version 5. In my case: Destination network: 10. For Proxmox VE versions up to 4. G Proxmox VE is a complete opensource server virtualization management solution. Being a Microsoft product, Hyper-V is intuitive and easy to use. In the image below, you notice Proxmox created two physical network interfaces, eno1 and eno2. Proxmox Virtual Environment (VE) is an open-source virtualization platform used to manage virtual servers. By supporting incremental, fully deduplicated backups, Proxmox Backup Server significantly reduces network load and saves valuable storage space. It is provided as a standalone distribution or as a package to be installed on top of an existing Debian installation. So what Proxmox does is looking at various possible setups and simply decides which content type is best stored where for which reasons. Proxmox offers a web-based user interface for easy management of virtual machines and containers. Additionally, I use Docker for certain other services, running them within virtual machines hosted on Proxmox. Aug 31, 2023 · Better backups: Proxmox provides a backup server capable of backing up virtual machines, containers, and physical machines. If your server is headless, use the CLI installation. At this point, the Proxmox network configuration is complete for VLANs. LVM thin pools instead allocates blocks when they are written. Proxmox Virtual Environment (PVE) is a free and open source virtualization solution (AGPLv3 license) that allows the deployment of virtualized systems with Linux KVM or on Linux LXC containers. However, Proxmox VE's kernel is derived from the Ubuntu kernel, which is a supported platform for NVIDIA vGPU as of 2024. Jan 8, 2024 · Next, you click the Create button in the Proxmox web app. This means that it is aware of cluster setups, and it can use the same network and storage resources as QEMU virtual machines (VMs). Using PBS helps protect your critical data from accidental deletion, corruption, ransomware, or other May 23, 2021 · I thought that I had to create a virtual hard disk for the VM and use THAT as the storage location. 180 (a static IP address of my wifi card, dhcp-requested-address, check the link above). Proxmox Customers and Use Cases. The Proxmox Offline Mirror tool can be used to manage subscription keys for air-gapped systems or systems that cannot access the public internet. select a ISO-enabled storage (see Storage_Model#Storage_type_Content) switch to "content" tab. Users can manage virtual machines, containers, highly available clusters, storage and networks via a web interface or CLI. lx zy wt fu ro nm zu th qe dy