Glm alignment. Changing parameter order will change the multiplication order. families. Parameters: [in] m rotation matrix. His areas of expertise include property line configurations, land court surveys, lot configurations, topographic mapping, roadway alignment, roadway detail, construction layout and GPS. When the GLM βs (pronounced “betas”) are standardized with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1 (i. Otherwise, they are usually called Bs (as in the letter B in the The JIP Toolkit was developed primarily for analysis of preclinical fMRI data, because the widely available neuro-imaging packages proved to be consistently bad at such tasks, although they may have become more flexible in recent years. [major change] by starting v0. hpp Mar 30, 2013 · I am trying to create a dynamic UI that operates in my scene graph. 9. 1, built-in alignment is removed from vec3 However, a substantial percent (20 - 40%) of the preference pairs used in GLM alignment are noisy, and it remains unclear how the noise affects the alignment performance and how to mitigate its negative impact. Misalignments such as angular and parallel displacement or badly aligned shafts are therefore often to occur. Findings show that the GLM method allows more informative analysis of differences between source documents than alignment indices alone, including determination of whether marginal discrepancies are statistically significant or not. Uniformly spaced in time. It is designed to support inference tasks with the 130B parameters on a single A100 (40G * 8) or V100 (32G * 8) server. With INT4 quantization, the hardware requirements can We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Meanwhile, GLM can be pretrained for different Sep 26, 2023 · Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress made in large language models (LLMs). In a typical analysis script generated by uber_subject. 1. And for: Input yawDeg=92, pitchDeg=0, rollDeg=0 we'll get yaw: 88. What you get depends on the kind of conversion. Such a model can be turned into GLM form, by using a log link so that. Apr 3, 2024 · In order to close the gap between genomic-context and gene sequence-structure-function, we develop a genomic language model (gLM) that learns contextual representations of genes. Also in this case matrix multiplication order is dest = m1 * m2. Jan 22, 2023 · 2. Overall, the answer is yes, GLM is a good fit for apps that utilize Apple's Metal. GLM Inc. It is comprised of planes in 2D space, that I wish to be able to interact with and move about. For SSBOs (as used here), the relevant alignment can be queried with the following code: Sep 23, 2019 · GLM with non-canonical link function. No. An example: in an ecological study, I have ~ 60 patches. | 621 followers on LinkedIn. Parameters: [in] m mat3 (left) [in] v vec3 (right, column vector) [out] dest destination (result, column vector) void glm_mat3_quat(mat3 m, versor dest) convert mat3 to quaternion. , 2023; Gemma, 2024) and proprietary (Google, 2023; Achiam et al. multiply mat3 with vec3 (column vector) and store in dest vector. Since 2006, GLM software has offered precise calibration and control of our SAM Monitoring systems to minimise unwanted room influences and improve workflow, helping your audio productions sound on-point, everywhere. Systematic component: X s are explanatory variables (can be continuous, discrete, or both) and are linear in the parameters β 0 + β xi + + β 0 + β xk. [api rename] by starting v0. When modeling data sampled in the field, I often come across the problem of determining the Family of the dependent variable for GLM (or GLMM). This restriction is platform depended and is imposed by the underlying memory architecture on the GPU. Standard analysis of fMRI data relies on a general linear model (GLM) approach to separate stimulus induced signals from noise. With statsmodels you can code like this. Nov 5, 2010 · This listing is for a GLM transom service kit with USA-made gimbal bearing compatible replacements Mercruiser Bravo 1, 2, and 3 drive systems. Link function: Logit. Constructing phylogeny. e. , containing Apr 15, 2024 · A key requirement in developing Generative Language Models (GLMs) is to have their values aligned with human values. Result will be stored in dest . 5 70. , perform an initial alignment in a rodent using an anatomical scan, and then perform a second alignment step on distorted EPI data (with matching slices) by starting with the first parameter set but eliminating the slice position (z) and scaling (size-z) from the parameter set, because the slice-selection step is the same for anatomical GLM No. BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as help identify Feb 26, 2024 · Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) are a cornerstone in statistical analysis and data science, extending traditional linear models to accommodate data that deviate from normal distribution assumptions. It aims to provide training data and a reproducible code pipeline for alignment research, especially constrained alignment LLM research via Safe RLHF methods. 5 60. The process is very simple and happens automatically after autocal. cal abilities. Nov 11, 2022 · The basic scalar type constructors can be used to convert values from one type to another. In the early stages of a disease epidemic, the rate at which new cases occur can often increase exponentially through time. gLM leverages pLM May 19, 2023 · From the OPENGL PROGRAMMING GUIDE VERSION 4. For instance mat4_mul func looks like this: CGLM_INLINE void glm_mat4_mul(mat4 m1, mat4 m2, mat4 dest) The dest parameter is out parameter. 4 Selecting text alignment The text can be aligned per paragraph. Hence, if μi is the expected number of new cases on day ti, a model of the form μi = γ exp(δti) seems appropriate. You can find the exact rules for them by reading about the GLSL std430 layout. So upon success I should get the triplet repeated 256 times. GLM improves blank filling pretraining by adding 2D positional encodings and allowing an arbitrary order to predict spans, which results in performance gains over BERT and T5 on NLU tasks. Has RGBA access to vectors. GLM is a General Language Model pretrained with an autoregressive blank-filling objective and can be finetuned on various natural language understanding and generation tasks. Slice-Timing Correction. 2) Equivalent to alignas ( alignof ( type-id ) ) . 0 62. ,. P/N 21965 / GL21965; replaces OEM # 8M0095485. a logical value indicating whether model frame should be included as a component of the returned value. Maybe I'm missing a function in GLM to reseed the random number generator? Have a look at this code: 293 lines (247 loc) · 6. If it is true, then you get 1, in whatever the output type is. fit() Notice you need to specify the link function here as the default link for Gaussian distribution is the identity link function. Eigen: Performance in debug build is quite bad. These gotchas are a good reason to always be explicit about alignment. 0, pitch: 0. Nov 5, 2010 · Buy ENGINE ALIGNMENT TOOL | GLM Part Number: 90050; Sierra Part Number: 18-4442; Mercury Part Number: 91-805475A1: Boat Engine Parts - Amazon. After alignment we evaluate the quality of the fit by (1) the accuracy of predicting the location of the active areas in the target subject t. 0 [major change] by starting v0. )=0 or up||at-eye. Note, a major difference between the std140 A Survey about Alignment Goals. GL, on the other hand, does not care at all whether value is aligned on a 16-byte boundary. With INT4 quantization, the hardware requirements can Jan 25, 2010 · is the alignment the same as in OpenGL (i. A collection of papers and resources related to alignment for big models. 5-Turbo-0613 GPT-4-0613 GLM-4 DeepSeek-Chat Feb 23, 2024 · Best Practices for Implementing GLMs in R: 1. Description: Fits generalized linear models using the same model specification as glm in the stats package, but with a modified default fitting method that provides greater stability for models that may fail to converge using glm. However, precise alignment of individual system components is crucial, as it increases energy efficiency on the one hand and has a significant effect on the MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) on the other hand. Here is a rather complete solution that should work in every situation where you don't care about the orientation of the rotated object (ie. And then in glm/detail/precision. We provide both alignment formats as output files. 0, 3. These models are versatile, enabling the analysis of binary outcomes, count data, and more through a framework that allows for distributions such I am now based in Miami, Florida***NEW OFFICE in BRICKELL - MIAMI OPENING in APRIL 2023***Want to get checked out? Send us an email at Team@Rejuve. Optimal alignment methods can be dependent upon species, image modality and contrast, hardware, etc. method. However, there are a couple of things that need to be considered. GLM provides classes and functions designed and implemented with the same naming conventions and functionalities than GLSL so that anyone who knows GLSL, can use GLM as well in C++. The We can define GLM_FORCE_DEFAULT_ALIGNED_GENTYPES right before including GLM: #define GLM_FORCE_DEFAULT_ALIGNED_GENTYPES #include <glm/glm. However, because i don't keep track of the axis_of_rotation nor how many radians a 3d-object is rotated, i can't use this function directly. OPERATION Interruption of a GPS15 will prevent Grifco operators from completing a close cycle. , when using a pointer as in my previous question, is p[0] p[1] p[2] p[3] the first column of a mat4 matrix ?) Sorry for asking basic questions ^^ imported_Groovounet January 25, 2010, 5:50am Functional geometry embedding is performed on a random sampling of 8000 points excluding those that exhibit no activation (with a liberal threshold of p = 0. 0, vec3 functions use glm_vec3_ namespace, it was glm_vec_ until v0. 0f, 1. Spatial “smoothness”. mod = sm. The prediction result of the model looks like License. 0 Avg. Whenever this was introduced into the vector types, is when the alignment issue popped up. I have sampled territories of an animal species within these patches as well as a set of explanatory variables. 0]. 15 in the General Linear Model (GLM) analysis ). If you have any doubt about the usage of Feb 25, 2016 · For Ordinally scaled dependent variables GLM's are clearly not appropriate for example. hpp, replace the following lines: highp = packed_highp, Feb 1, 2024 · The Alignment Handbook aims to fill that gap by providing the community with a series of robust training recipes that span the whole pipeline. Page 15: Alignment Introduce an obstruction into the path of the photoelectric sensor and the door should stop and reverse. Contains projection and other 3d engine function. Such advancements, while garnering significant attention, have concurrently elicited various concerns. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases But after using the GLM calibration system, everything became even clearer and tighter with even more detail popping out. There are several commands in this block, but the most important one for our present purposes is the line that begins with “3dvolreg”. Figure 1 illustrates the framework. All dependencies are optional (e. I couldn't find anything which speaks against an interval scaled dependent variable. The major weakness of GLM is its bass management - the ideal with multiple subs in a stereo listening room would be to have them non-aligned with each other so that they sum more evenly over the Using GLM 0. Use the ‘ glm () ‘ function: R’s ‘ glm () ‘ function is versatile, allowing you to specify the model formula, distribution family, and link function. This is an experimental argument, designed to fix the problems users were having with CV, with possible values "lambda" (the default) else "fraction". Start with a 4D data set. 0f units away to align with th Apr 15, 2024 · A key requirement in developing Generative Language Models (GLMs) is to have their values aligned with human values. 2 std430 layout rules that states for: "Three-component vectors (e. Warning: While ofRectangle takes glm::vec3 all ofRectangle operations are 2D only, ignoring the z-component. Motion Correction. Beaver is a highly modular open-source RLHF framework developed by the PKU-Alignment team at Peking University. 0, 2. // After rearrangement. g. If it is false, then you get 0, in whatever the output type is (floating-point types get 0. In my shader (my GLSL code) I created the struct A again, and received the data in the following uniform: layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform dataBlock {. Analysis – separating signal from noise. 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Hungarian Exam Score 52. News 🗞️ April 12, 2024 : We release Zephyr 141B (A35B), in collaboration with Argilla and Kaist AI, along with the recipe to fine-tune Mixtral 8x22B with ORPO 🪁 Feb 21, 2005 · OpenGL Mathematics ( GLM) is a header only C++ mathematics library for graphics software based on the OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) specifications. You should pass these by reference anyway, there is no reason to make a copy of a matrix to send to OpenGL. GLM needs 16-byte alignment for its SIMD optimizations to work, so it tells the compiler this and that's where the problem is coming from. hpp> c++ This will force GLM to use a version of vec2 and mat4 that has the alignment requirements already specified for us. Similarly, using offsetof for the position of each whose noise-simulation strategies and alignment techniques are tailored for GLM alignment. However, the binary preferences used in GLM alignment are often noisy, i. GLM provides classes and functions designed and implemented with the same naming conventions and functionality than GLSL so that anyone who knows GLSL, can use GLM as well in C++. the method to be used in fitting the model. e. 0 57. A respective control character appears in the editor at the beginning of the paragraph from where the text alignment applies. , 2023) GLMs. alignment. hpp" namespace glm { /// Qualify GLM types in term of alignment (packed, aligned) and precision in term of ULPs (lowp, mediump, highp) enum qualifier { packed_highp, ///< Typed data is tightly packed in memory and operations are executed with high precision in term of ULPs packed Mar 20, 2019 · 14. What’s truly remarkable is that this extensive context length doesn’t compromise accuracy; GLM-4 boasts nearly 100% precision even when dealing with lengthy text inputs. VipTEXT LI View Chapter 2 GLM. 5, glm_simd functions are renamed to glmm_ [new option] by starting v0. , containing Jul 24, 2014 · The new Genelec 1237A and 1238A Smart Active Monitors (SAM) are tri-amplified systems featuring AutoCal and GLM technologies and powerful Class D amplification. More recently, GLM expanded to offer GRADE Room Acoustic Reports, further empowering you to understand and improve your studio's performance. A light; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most widely used tools to study the neural underpinnings of human cognition. 90120 replaces OEM Shift Slide Stabilizer 91-865232. Use sizeof and offsetof. All I want to do is fill the array with [1. lines or cylinders etc. First of all, the Metal Programming Guide mentions that. #pragma once #include "setup. Previous alignment methods enhance language but could potentially impair mathemati-cal abilities [12], whereas math-specialized mod-els could harm language capabilities [43]. With the proposed framework, we perform controlled experiments to study the impact of preference noise on alignment performance on two tasks, summarization (Stiennon et al. ” So far I Nov 27, 2020 · Dirac Bass Control treats this as a mathematical optimization problem and automatically gives each sub a different crossover, phase alignment, and EQ so that the average response of all subs playing together at the listening position is as flat as possible. Please refer to our paper for a detailed description of GLM: GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infilling (ACL 2022) Aug 1, 2014 · alignment using GLM, the present stud y also has limitations. B0 Distortion Correction. One of GLM-4’s standout features is its ability to support a context length of 128,000 tokens, an achievement that stands as a testament to its remarkable capabilities. Some of those things have already been hinted at in the comments. Sep 26, 2017 · The initial alignment constructed is in FASTA format. GLM improves blank filling pretraining by adding 2D positional encodings and allowing an arbitrary order to predict spans, which re-sults in performance gains over BERT and T5 on NLU tasks. You can pass all parameter same (this is Motion correction in AFNI is done using the command 3dvolreg. The default method "glm. These can be very complicated, so for simplicity, we are going to restrict ourselves to glm::vec4 and glm::mat4, which have simple alignment rules. The ofRectangle::standardize () method can be used to ensure that the origin is in the "standard" form. GLM No. 0f). I have a Table H. Brain extraction: This is an optional step. Aiming for 100% test coverage. frame" returns the model frame and does no fitting. Models how binary response variable depends on a set of explanatory variable. The one thing that can sell you on Eigen is if you need linear algebra and the like. Page 16: Troubleshooting Edrive E. A three- or four-component vector, with components of size N, has a base alignment of 4 N. Only the x86 architecture is showing errors about alignment. A two-component vector, with components of size N, has a base alignment of 2 N. 0, roll: 0. Nov 28, 2023 · The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) finds regions of local similarity between sequences. from bool. Nov 28, 2019 · The issue is centered around the glm::f32 and glm::uint32 declarations. #define GLM_FORCE_ALIGNED. Pavlopoulos et al. 5 65. they are given z-scores), they are called beta weights. Fastmap provides for manual and automated alignment to user-defined templates, while providing flexible methods to accomplish the process. 90120 is a Shift Slide Tool used in Shift Cable installations on MerCruiser R, MR, Alpha One & Alpha One Gen II Sterndrives. It looks like everytime I restart the application the values are always the same. How ever, this is true only when the member is not a part of an array or nested structure. , Direct Preference Optimization. Specifically, when setting up your vertex format and pointers in code, using sizeof for the stride in your glVertexAttribPointer calls will cause OpenGL to correctly set things up such that each vertex properly begins at the start of each new struct in your array. GLM(endog, exog, family=sm. More than 40 years of successful advertising sales | Since 1980, we have been a leader in the media services business, providing consumer, B2B, association During the procedure, the GLM changes the non-numerical variable to a number before any calculations are made. OpenGL Mathematics ( GLM) is a header only C++ mathematics library for graphics software based on the OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) specifications. Gaussian(sm. The vertices resulting from the clipping are then undergoing the perspective divide, i. “GLM family functions in glmnet” describes how to fit custom generalized linear models (GLMs) with the elastic net penalty via the family argument. I really love the phase alignment calibration between the monitors and sub as that really improves the bass tightness and detail. 0, roll: 180. Time course comes from a single location. 76 KB. Our pipeline also uses a python script to transform the format of FASTA to Phylip format. ): Nov 27, 2020 · GLM does correct phase for subs so that they can be aligned with the main speakers. struct UniformBufferObject { alignas(16) glm::mat4 model; alignas(16) glm::mat4 view; alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj; }; Don't forget to recompile your shader after removing the foo field. 1 I'm generating random numbers at launch with glm::linearRand(-1. Fast even on mobile. Jul 27, 2017 · To create a rotation-matrix for the OpenGL-shaders GLM provides the function rotate(mat4(), radians, axis_of_rotation). In my opinion when a dependent variable on an interval scale is used it shouldn't make a difference for an analysis if you transform the variable by adding a fixed constant Although glm can be used to perform linear regression (and, in fact, does so by default), this regression should be viewed as an instructional feature; regress produces such estimates more quickly, and many postestimation commands are available to explore the adequacy of the fit; see the GLM are compared with ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Nov 3, 2016 · Here is how I managed to enable the use of simd intrinsics in GLM. Meanwhile, GLM can be pre-trained for different types of tasks by Binary Logistic Regression. &nbsp; To test this I have been trying to get the location of a 2D plane in 3D space, facing the camera -5. The last step for our pipeline is to build the phylogeny is to run RAxML or FastTree . After figuring that out, I commented out the following line in glm/detail/setup. However, a substantial Page 174: Selecting Text Alignment Texts Instruction manual GLM-I 15. fit" uses iteratively reweighted least squares (IWLS): the alternative "model. 0, pitch: 180. With "lambda" the lambda values from the master fit (on all the data) are used to line up the predictions from each of the folds. log(μi) = log(γ) + δti = β0 Input yawDeg=60, pitchDeg=0, rollDeg=0 we'll get yaw: 60. 5. 0 - as expected. When you create push constant structs, alignment rules apply. The design of this library is guided by a desire for simplicity and good performance. Preprocessing. This tool is used to hold the Alpha shift slide in the proper position as the drive unit is installed onto the bell housing studs. A typical analysis process might include. links. 0 67. 5 55. 5, you can disable alignment requirement, check options in docs. The potential of these models is undeniably vast; however, they may yield texts that are imprecise, misleading, or even detrimental. . Feb 21, 2005 · OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) is a header only C++ mathematics library for graphics software based on the OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) specifications. If you would use the std140 qualifier, an array of the struct Particle would have a stride of 32, because the stride is rounded up to a multiple of the base alignment of a vec4, which is 16. The alignment applies until the next alignment control characters. 5 WITH SPIR-V kindle edition. py, there will be a block of code highlighted with the header ======volreg======. Consequently, it becomes paramount to employ alignment techniques to E. to bool. demonstrated to be promising for alignment analyses, it is not necessarily a replacement for . Design Philosophy. That way you won't be caught offguard by the strange symptoms of alignment errors. Crucially, this approach relies on a number of assumptions about the data which, for inferences to be valid, must be met. of GSM8k & MATH GPT-3. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. 0). GLM-130B is an open bilingual (English & Chinese) bidirectional dense model with 130 billion parameters, pre-trained using the algorithm of General Language Model (GLM). Aug 11, 2017 · The 'base alignment' of the type of an OpTypeStruct member of is defined recursively as follows: A scalar of size N has a base alignment of N. We find that even with high (45%) noise rates, GLM alignment is still beneficial (i. For example, ‘ glm (response ~ predictors, family=binomial (link=”logit”), data=mydata) ‘ will fit a logistic regression model. 3) Equivalent to multiple alignas specifiers applied to the same declaration, one for each member of the parameter pack , which can be either type or non Apr 15, 2024 · A key requirement in developing Generative Language Models (GLMs) is to have their values aligned with human values. First, while the GLM approach is . First, before any inclusion of a glm header, define: #define GLM_FORCE_SSE2 // or GLM_FORCE_SSE42 if your processor supports it. GLM doesn't have anything remotely similar to this capability. In this step, by default the RAxML is Mar 18, 2021 · We propose a General Language Model (GLM) based on autoregressive blank infilling to address this challenge. Aug 7, 2019 · I want to fill an array of glm::vec3 with an OpenCL kernel. mint, rand and serde) Follows the Rust API Guidelines where possible. , yielding 50%+ win rate). The glm::vec3 's are all accessible by simply declaring them above the glm::f32 's and glm::uint32, however, the glm::uint32 and glm::f32 's are still inaccessible. Feb 26, 2022 · Since the “minimum UBO offset alignment” here should be 256 bytes, I reserve that amount of memory for my UBO, copy A and B inside and send this UBO buffer to the shader. Preference-based alignment is a widely used paradigm for this purpose, in which preferences over generation pairs are first elicited from human annotators or AI systems, and then fed into some alignment techniques, e. Reply. , 2020) and dialogue generation (Bai et al Dec 19, 2015 · None of the other answers are really complete answers because they don't treat special cases like cross(. The 1237A and 1238A monitors feature on-board intelligence to automatically tune the frequency response to compensate for acoustical room influences, as well as achieving perfect alignment of levels and distance compensation at the Jan 17, 2024 · 1) expression must be an integral constant expression that evaluates to zero, or to a valid value for an alignment or extended alignment. In the case of OpenGL they happen to be a 4-by-4 arrangement of numbers: You can multply a 4-vector by a 4×4 matrix: After reaching clip space (i. 0 - modified! If you would look visually at the 3D object with those transformations applied - all rotations should look ok even if GLM have modified the 4. 2. Note: For S-Drive, both the Open and Close cycles will be stopped, depending on configuration. To any PC users out there, make sure to check the "Use Autocal Cloud" option before calibrating. [ PMP*15] conducted a comprehensive review of general genome visualization tools and summarize them into four categories: genome alignment visualization tools, genome assembly visualization tools, genome browsers, and tools to directly compare different genomes with each other for efficient detection of genomic variants. At this point I figure it must be an alignment issue. docx from BUSINESS S 3301 at Houston Community College. 4. log)) res = mod. Chapter 2 In the _ of alignment, the operations and supply chain areas do more than just support the business strategy: the ofRectangle is a simple container for describing the position and size of a 2D rectangle. 90120 can be GLM. g, vec4) “Both the size and alignment are four times the size of the underlying scalar type. In addition, he is extremely knowledgeable in all aspects of survey fieldwork at GLM including total stations, data collectors, Global Positioning Systems (GPS Mar 28, 2024 · This warning has to do with anonymous structs inside another anonymous struct or union. No generics and minimal traits in the public API for simplicity of usage. Random component: The distribution of Y is Binomial. Jan 13, 2019 · The offset has to be a multiple of the respective buffer offset alignment which depends on the buffer type used. The GLM generalizes linear regression by allowing the linear model to be related to the response variable via a link function and by allowing the magnitude of the variance of each measurement to be a function of its predicted value. The toolkit consists of binary executables, highly portable open-source c code, and image resources that enable. Eigen: Passing objects by value is bad. However, alignment performance is also highly sensitive to noise rates: a 10 percentage points (pp) increase of noise rates can lead to 30 pp drop in the alignment performance (in terms of win rate). Preference-based GLM alignment has proven to be highly effective in improving the safety and usability of GLMs, and hence has been used to develop both open-source (Touvron et al. , vec3) and Four-component vectors (e. In statistics, a generalized linear model ( GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression. , perform an initial alignment in a rodent using an anatomical scan, and then perform a second alignment step on distorted EPI data (with matching slices) by starting with the first parameter set but eliminating the slice position (z) and scaling (size-z) from the parameter set, because the slice-selection step is the same for anatomical model. However, a substantial Sep 14, 2018 · When align is applied to an array, it affects only the start of the array, not the array’s internal stride. after the projection step), the primitives are clipped. NOTE: FITS Year model units 1992-Up. . Language Model (GLM) based on autoregres-sive blank infilling to address this challenge. The organization of papers refers to our survey "From Instructions to Basic Human Values: A Survey of Alignment Goals for Big Models". Use (const) reference. la hg ug xk pf nh tj du ki xk